HISTORY OF POLLACHI

 Pollachi: A Journey Through Time. The Heart of Tamil Nadu's History

Pollachi, a busy town in southern Tamil Nadu, is more than just a location; it represents the rich cultural, historical, and agricultural heritage of the region. Located between the Western Ghats and the plains of Coimbatore, Pollachi has witnessed the rise and fall of history for centuries. This lively town, known for its beautiful landscapes, fertile land, and strategic location, is full of historical treasures. From its ancient beginnings to its modern importance, Pollachi's journey shows resilience, cultural mixing, and growth.

1. Early History: The Ancient Foundations of Pollachi

Pollachi's history dates back to the early centuries of the Common Era, with evidence of settlement during the Sangam period (300 CE). The name "Pollachi" likely comes from the Tamil phrase "Pola Achi," meaning "the mother of wealth." This suggests that the area has been recognized for its fertility and wealth for thousands of years. The region's natural resources, including fertile soil, proximity to the Western Ghats, and abundant water sources, have attracted settlers for millennia.

During the Sangam period, Pollachi, like many other towns in Tamil Nadu, was part of ancient Tamil kingdoms such as the Chera, Chola, and Pandya dynasties. These dynasties shaped the social, economic, and political landscape of the area. The fertile plains around Pollachi supported extensive agriculture, with crops like rice, coconut, and pulses being cultivated.

Archaeological findings indicate that Pollachi may have interacted with foreign traders during this time, especially from the Roman Empire, as seen in the Roman coins and artifacts found in the region. These early connections helped establish Pollachi as a vital trading post in ancient Tamil Nadu.

### **2. The Pallavas and the Cholas: Consolidating Power in Pollachi**

The Pallava dynasty, which rose to prominence in the 6th century, left a lasting mark on the area. While their capitals were located further east, in places like Kanchipuram, the Pallavas extended their influence over much of Tamil Nadu, including Pollachi. This period was significant for Tamil culture, with notable advancements in art, architecture, and literature.

The region saw important infrastructure developments, including the construction of temples, reservoirs, and irrigation systems. Pollachi was likely part of this cultural and developmental movement. However, it was under the Chola dynasty (9th-13th century) that Pollachi truly began to gain importance.

The Cholas, one of the greatest empires in South Indian history, played a key role in Pollachi's growth. They established dominance across Tamil Nadu and beyond, including parts of modern Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Southeast Asia. During Chola rule, Pollachi emerged as a crucial agricultural hub, providing crops and materials to the empire’s capitals like Thanjavur.

During this period, the town began to gain significance as a trading center, facilitating the exchange of agricultural products, spices, and textiles. Several temples dedicated to various deities were built, strengthening the town's role as an important cultural and religious center.

3. The Rise of Pollachi Under the Vijayanagar Empire

After the decline of the Cholas, the region came under the control of several smaller kingdoms. However, the most important change in Pollachi's history occurred with the arrival of the Vijayanagar Empire in the 14th century. This era marked a time of growth for the town, as the empire was known for its vast administrative, cultural, and military network.

Under the Vijayanagar kings, Pollachi saw the construction of large forts and irrigation systems. The empire also promoted agricultural growth, especially in Pollachi's fertile plains, where cash crops like cotton, bananas, and coconuts were widely cultivated.

The Vijayanagar rulers encouraged trade with foreign lands, making Pollachi an important trade center in the region. The town thrived as a hub for exporting agricultural goods, particularly to the ports of Kerala and the wider South Indian coastline. This economic success helped create a wealthy merchant class in Pollachi.

However, with the eventual decline of the Vijayanagar Empire in the mid-16th century, the region came under the control of the Sultanates of Bijapur and later the Marathas, who dominated the area until the British colonization of India.

4. The Maratha Influence and the British Era

During the 17th and 18th centuries, Pollachi became significant under Maratha rule. The Marathas, who established themselves in the Deccan Plateau, extended their influence into Tamil Nadu. Pollachi came under the control of the Maratha chieftains of the Tanjore kingdom. Under their rule, Pollachi experienced relative peace and prosperity. The Marathas promoted agriculture, and the area continued to be known for producing cotton and spices.

However, Maratha rule in Tamil Nadu did not last long. With the arrival of the British East India Company in the 18th century, the political landscape changed dramatically. Pollachi, along with much of Tamil Nadu, fell under British control after the Marathas were defeated in key battles.

Under British rule, Pollachi became part of the Coimbatore district. The British recognized the agricultural potential of the area and implemented reforms aimed at increasing revenue collection. They also introduced large-scale cultivation of crops like tea and coffee in the surrounding hills, especially in the Nilgiris. While the British made significant infrastructure improvements, such as building roads and railways, they also imposed harsh taxation policies that affected local farmers.

The British introduced the "Ryotwari" system, which fundamentally changed land ownership and farming practices. Under this system, individual farmers, or "ryots," were taxed directly by the British government. This often led to debt and economic hardship among farmers, fueling local resistance to British rule.

5. Pollachi During the Indian Independence Movement

Pollachi, like much of India, became part of the independence movement in the early 20th century. The town hosted political activities as nationalists and freedom fighters organized protests against British colonial rule. Prominent leaders from Tamil Nadu, including those from the Indian National Congress and the Justice Party, gained support in Pollachi, where large rallies and meetings were held.

In 1930, as part of the broader Salt Satyagraha movement, Pollachi saw many protests against the British-imposed salt tax. Local leaders were crucial in mobilizing support for non-violent civil disobedience. The town's backing for the independence movement grew, and by 1947, Pollachi had become part of the newly independent nation.

6. Post-Independence Growth and Development

After India gained independence in 1947, Pollachi, along with the rest of Tamil Nadu, entered a new era of growth and development. The town saw significant improvements in infrastructure, with new roads, schools, and hospitals being built. The agricultural sector also transformed, with modern farming techniques and irrigation systems expanding the cultivated area.

Pollachi's closeness to Coimbatore, a major industrial city, further stimulated its growth. As Coimbatore developed as an industrial hub, Pollachi benefited, experiencing growth in trade, transportation, and service industries.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the town experienced a boom in real estate as people from urban areas began investing in properties in and around Pollachi. The development of infrastructure and its appeal as a tourist destination fueled further growth.

7. Modern Pollachi: A Blend of Tradition and Modernity

Today, Pollachi is a thriving town that successfully mixes its rich cultural heritage with modern developments. Known for its agriculture, the town is often called the "Coconut City" due to its vast coconut plantations. It also produces considerable amounts of bananas, vegetables, and pulses. The region’s fertile soil and favorable climate continue to make it one of Tamil Nadu's key agricultural areas.

Pollachi serves as a gateway to the Western Ghats, attracting tourists with its scenic beauty, wildlife sanctuaries, and eco-tourism. The town is home to several ancient temples, including the well-known Azhiyar and Arulmigu Subramanya Swamy temples, which draw pilgrims and tourists alike.

Additionally, Pollachi has seen growth in commercial activities, with various markets, educational institutions, and healthcare facilities being established. Its proximity to Coimbatore's industrial landscape has led to the rise of small-scale industries in textiles, food processing, and engineering.

8. Conclusion: The Enduring Legacy of Pollachi

Pollachi's history, closely connected to Tamil culture, agriculture, and trade, showcases the region’s resilience and adaptability over time. From its ancient roots to its modern-day prosperity, Pollachi has always been a place of wealth, not just materially, but also in its rich heritage, traditions, and cultural significance.

As Pollachi continues to grow and evolve, its strong ties to the land, its people, and the history that shaped it remain. The town stands as a living testament to Tamil Nadu's history, where the past and present coexist harmoniously. This dynamic community honors its legacy while looking forward to the future.